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These dangling bonds (indicated by short lines) require additional energy; hence, there is a strong tendency to saturate these dangling bonds.
At the circumference of each layer, the bonds are not saturated (these "dangling bonds" are indicated in Figure 5.7b).
In crystals of conventional size, the excess energy caused by these dangling bonds is negligible in comparison to the total energy.
However, this is not the case for nanoparticles of layered compounds, where the contribution of the dangling bonds is signi?
During synthesis, the most effective way of avoiding dangling bonds is simple curling of the sheets to form cylinders - the nanotubes.
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